Gender Wage Inequality - 1630 Words

One cannot begin the discussion of gender pay gap without defining it. Simply put, gender pay gap is the inequality between men and women wages. Gender pay gap is a constant international problem, in which women are paid, on average, less than that of their male counterpart. As to if gender pay gap still exist, its exactness fluctuates depending on numerous factors such as professional status, country and regional location, gender, and age. In regards to gender, in some cases, both men and women have stated that the gap does not exist. Due to various countries initiatives to shrink the wage inequality between men and women wages in the work force, the gap has narrowed, respectively, which may have helped form such opinion. However, stating†¦show more content†¦It would seem that these states would have the least gender inequality, but this is not the case. The bar graph shows the percent of gender wage gap in OECD countries. As of 2010, the average gender gap is at 15 percent. Since 2000, the gap has narrowed. In many countries, the gap has shrunken considerable yet in some countries, the gap only increased. Much research shows that eastern Asian countries have and Middle Eastern countries have the largest gender wage gap. Countries such as democratic South Korea and many Middle Eastern countries are relatively economically stable, similar to that of the United States and some European countries, yet these countries gender wage gap percent are not up to par in comparison the U.S. or E.U percent. The United States began its focus on wage inequality in 1963, when the United States Congress introduced the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act. In hopes to strengthen the new legislation, the United States Congress also passed the Fairness Paycheck Act, which had help better prevent employers from committing wage discrimination. Before both Acts, women on average earned 59 cents for every dollar a man made. After these laws were legislated, women’s relative earnings steadily increased during the 70s and 80s. Besides governmental laws and regulations help in narrowing gender wage inequality,Show MoreRelatedGender Wage Gap Inequality And Gender Inequality Essay1880 Words   |  8 PagesArmando Suqui-Carchi Professor Pantano English 201 13 December 2016 Gender Wage Gap Inequality The gender wage inequality topic is one that has quietly laid in Americas closet of problems for decades. A female worker in Louisiana makes on average an alarming sixty-six cents compared to the dollar a man makes in twenty sixteen. When a father comes home after a forty-hour long work week making fifteen dollars an hour, he will open up a paycheck to six hundred dollars. When a mother comes home afterRead MoreGender Wage Gap And Gender Inequality1740 Words   |  7 PagesThe gender wage gap is defined as the relative difference in earnings between men and women in the economy as a whole. For every dollar a man makes, his female counterpart makes roughly seventy-seven cents. Even if a men and women have the same educational background and work history the man will go home with a higher paycheck than the woman. This may actually lead to tension in the workplace and cause conflict in the office. This also includes female dominated industries- most notably, nursingRead MoreGender Wa ge Gap And Gender Inequality1738 Words   |  7 PagesThe Gender Wage Gap is defined as the different amounts of money that is paid to women and men, often for doing the same work. Women who work full time, year round earn 77 cents for every dollar that men earn. Over a year women make $11,500 less than men and throughout their life this wage gap can affect women by making them earn anywhere from $400,000-$2 million less than men do. (Miller 2008, 6) The wage gap varies for women of different races. On average African-American women are paid 60 centsRead MoreThe Wage Gap And Gender Inequality Essay1760 Words   |  8 PagesINTRODUCTION Women as a minority group concerning the wage gap, also known as the gender pay gap, is an older phenomenon that has gradually become more of a topic of concern since the 1960s. The wage gap is recognized as the difference between male and female earnings that is identified as a percentage of male earnings. In 1963 the Equal Pay Act was instituted declaring that it would be illegal to pay women lower wages simply based on their gender. The wage gap remains a popular area of active and innovativeRead MoreGender Wage Gap And Gender Inequality2164 Words   |  9 Pages Throughout history, discrimination has wielded its ugly head in many different forms. Things such as, but not limited to, race, religion, appearance, beliefs and gender have consistently oppressed minorities. A continual discrimination that the women of the world are dealing with takes place in what has been promised to be a fair and unprejudiced environment: the work place. This issue deals with women not being paid the same amount of money as men even though they may be equally, if not more soRead MoreGender Wage Gaps And Gender Inequality1115 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to Boris Hirsch and associates, gender wage gaps should vary among densely populated regions and less densely populated regions. Using an estimating Mincerian earnings function that controls for individual characteristics and reflecting the productivity of the worker, we are able to get the ceteris paribus of the gender pay gap that will not be able to be explained by any differences in the productivity of wor kers. They also used the approach developed by Oaxaca and Blinder which estimatedRead MoreGender Wage Gap And Gender Inequality855 Words   |  4 Pages In general, the wage gap has narrowed at a slow, and uneven, pace over last three decades. Recent data shows that women in the American workforce earn 77 cents for every dollar a man earns (Trevino). The existence of this â€Å"gender wage gap† has been an issue since women entered the workforce. The ongoing issue of the past has now become an apparent problem in our modern-day, progressive society. Women nowadays have opportunities that were not obtainable in past decades but must overcome, or ignoreRead MoreGender Wage Gap And Gender Inequality Essay912 Words   |  4 Pagespay† by Lanier Isom is about the gender wage gap. The gender wage gap is the difference between male and female earnings. Isom basically states in this article that the wage gap exists because of gender, however many experts state that the wage gap simple does exists do to a factor such as gender, but of multiple factors. These factors being that the statistics presented in favor of a Wage gap ar e incorrect and manipulated to seem correct. That the so called wage gap may be in fact do to the choiceRead MoreGender Wage Gap And Gender Inequality Essay1519 Words   |  7 PagesGender Wage Gap Lydia Ogles November 2016 Introduction/Abstract The gender wage gap has been a nationwide problem since women were able to enter the workforce. Women have begun to speak out more about the issue and evaluate what they can do to change the industries and how they personally present themselves to help this change. Currently there is a wide range of opinions on this issue, with some saying it does not exist while others think it will ruin the economy if not fixed immediately. This makesRead MoreGender Wage Gap And Gender Inequality1697 Words   |  7 Pagesto be paid less wages than men, but this paper will argue in the U.S. today the gender wage gap still exists. The definition of gender wage gap as stated by the U.S. government is defined as women who work full time or salary based jobs who receive less earnings than their male counterparts who work equal level jobs (â€Å"Equal Pay,† n.d.).[] This analysis will focus on the years of 2012 to 2014, and in these years it is clear that the gender wage gap exists. The topic of gender wage gap sociologically

The Importance Of Men And Women Spies During The American...

Karissa Gilmore Prof. Froese Hist. 12 15-March-2017 The Importance of Men and Women Spies in the American Civil War The American Civil War started because the North and the South disagreed on the main issue of slavery and lasted for four years. They could not agree whether to prohibit slavery in territories that had not become states yet. After the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860, the Southern states had a major conflict with Lincoln becoming president and seven slave states succeeded from the Union and made the Confederate States of America. The Union refused to recognize the southern states in that way. Lincoln declared these acts to be illegal and asked Congress for 500,000 soldiers to conquer what was threatened to be an†¦show more content†¦Woman were easily trusted and were looked at as non-threatening. Men dominated the Civil War. Women were not as praised as men to fight the war and because of that it helped women become undetected as spies. Men would go to dinner parties at women’s houses and the women would secretly gather information and hid it in their hoop skirts. When giving messages to their side, some spies would code them or write in invisible ink, using letters and numbers. The messages usually contained enemy plans and movements, their supplies, troop size, and where their forts were. Messages and contraband were usually hid in their clothing or large metal buttons. Medical supplies were one of the most important things to smuggle over enemy lines. The Confederate hospitals were in dire need of supplies. Emeline Pigott was a Confederate spy from North Carolina who gathered military information by entertaining Union officials at dinner parties in her own home. She hid critical papers and smuggled, ammunition and medicine in the crease of her bulky skirts, which she later gave to the local rebels. She strived to help the Confederate cause. When the love of her life died, she went home to grieve but found out the Yankees were occupying the whole area. That was when she gathered more intelligence about the Northern blockade ships in the po rt. She carried letters and other items fromShow MoreRelatedWomen Of The Civil War1553 Words   |  7 PagesWomen of the Civil War The Civil War is a very important part of American history – simply put, it determined what kind of nation the United States would be. The Civil War resolved whether the United States is what determined the survival of the Union or whether the Confederacy would gain independence. It is the battle that determined whether the largest slaveholding country in the world would continue to exist as such since it thrived on the fundamental idea that â€Å"all men are created with an equalRead MoreThe Women s Rights Movement1547 Words   |  7 PagesStehlin 16 November 2015 The Women’s Rights Movement began in 1848 with the first assembly of women and men gathering to discuss the civil, social, and other conditions of women. The Seneca Falls Convention was the start of the women’s movement. The two women who organized this event were Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, both who were abolitionists and believed women deserved the rights men were given. This convention began on July 19, 1848 and lasted through July 20, 1848. Although theRead MoreWomen Of The American Civil War1357 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Civil War was a time of great trial and tribulation for the American people. It forced individuals to choose a cause, and many families were torn asunder as they chose opposing sides. As the men marched off to war a small group of women prepared to wage a different kind of warfare. These women became an overlooked but deadly force using espionage and womanly wiles to gather military intelligence for their cause. They used wh atever means they had at their disposal to enter into the confidenceRead MoreEspionage in the American Civil War Essay5553 Words   |  23 PagesSprings, NC Term Paper INTELLIGENCE IN THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR: THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTELLIGENCE IN THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR AND THE EFFECTS OF THE ESPIONAGE SYSTEM ON THE WAR Lauren E. Caulder HIS 318-C Fall 2011 Espionage at the commencement of the American Civil War was not an organized system; however the war necessitated the development of more structured intelligence systems for both the Union and the Confederacy. By the middle of the war the dimensions of the espionage system hadRead MoreThe Fight Of The American Revolution For Independence1262 Words   |  6 Pageshearing about the vast majority of men. Who have been praised for influencing our nation s independence. In history class we take notice of countless stories about these men. We are talking about George Washington our first president. John Winthrop, first governor of the Massachusetts bay colony, John Adams, and William Pitt. Including, so much more essential man, however, we also need to take into account the stories of the wives of these men and other women who were caught up in the struggle forRead MoreThe Impact Of World War II On American Society1275 Words   |  6 Pageslaunches itself into a war, whether it be willin gly or unwillingly, it almost guarantees that the war will bring some amount of change to the American society. The United States has been historically very flexible in adapting to the needs that wars, as well as other major events, bring to American society. Whether it be with the economy, foreign affairs, etc. there is usually always a change that results in the United States from a war. For example, after the Civil War, Americans saw great changes inRead MoreThe Name Of The Author Of This Book Is Carol Ruth Berkin.939 Words   |  4 PagesOctober 1st, 1942 in mobile Alabama. Berkin is an American historian and author and is currently a professor of history at the city university New York. She has also received and grants from Bancroft foundation. Carol has written numerous books about history and some of her famous books are first generations (1996), civil war wives (2009), and revolutionary mothers. Revolutionary Mothers talk about the problems faced by the women during the rev olutionary war and in what ways it affected them. The firstRead MoreWomen During The Centuries Of Women1534 Words   |  7 Pages Spence 12/7/15 Women Throughout the Centuries Women have held essential roles in society for centuries. In the beginning of most civilizations and colonies in the U.S., women were seen as inferiors to men, but over time women slowly gained more rights and became of more importance to society. Women started out as being viewed as subordinate beings who were to be useful by tending to families, the household, and gather and prepare food. Soon, with wars and other conflicts, women took on tasks thoughtRead MoreWomen s Influence On American History Essay1790 Words   |  8 PagesHistory Introduction American history is primarily concerned with the evaluation of imperative events affiliated with the primordial American society (Kellogg William 439). It sheds light of the past on the present hence, establishing a significant correlation between the precedent, present, and future. Slavery, the revolutionary war, the colonial period, and the U.S independence are some of the predominant events that characterize the American history. Ways in which women influenced colonial AmericaRead MoreDBQ- minorities in world war II1338 Words   |  6 Pagesare required to cite key pieces of evidence from the documents and draw on your knowledge of the period. It is often claimed that the major American wars of the last 150 years have resulted in the most important social and political gains of minorities and women. Evaluate this statement with regard to the experience of minorities and women during World War II. Use evidence from the documents and your knowledge of the period from 1941 to 1945 to compose your answer. Document A Document B

Business and Corporation Law Contract Law and Dispute Resolution

Question: Discuss about the Business and Corporation Law for Contract Law and Dispute Resolution. Answer: 1.a):Issue: In this situation, when Jane goes to overseas than she offers her sports car to Jack. This car is in good condition with market value of around $25000. Jack accepts this offer. Now, purpose of this discussion is to determine, whether consideration is present in given situation or not and also to ascertain the legally enforceability of agreement. Rules: In a contract, the agreement will be enforceable, if consideration between two parties is available (Denney, 2011). Consideration is an important aspect to make a contract valid. In Australian contract law, consideration is a price that one party makes a promise to buy other partys promise. If one party offers to other party, but the consideration is not present in given case than the agreement cannot be enforceable by law. Evidence: In September 2003, Paul as a seller and Steiner as a buyer entered in to an agreement. In this agreement Paul agreed to sell his 10-acre real property in $500000 and Steiner accepted this offer. The agreement is provided on Steiners own expenses for necessary permits from the government. Mr. Steiner pursued approvals and permits by spending of $60000. After one year, Mr. Paul decided that he will not go longer to sell property and instructed to terminate the agreement. Steiner sued on Paul to enforce the agreement but the court gave decision in favor of seller, because the agreement was unenforceable due to not support by consideration (Gibson Dunn, 2016). Conclusion: In the given case, when Jane goes to overseas, than she only offers to give her car to Jack. In this offer, the information related to offer price is not available. Here, only market value of car is available, but not the quoted price by Jane. So, there is no consideration in given case. The acceptance is not enough to make agreement enforceable. Therefore, the agreement is not enforceable according to law. b):Issue: In second situation, Jane offers her sport car to Jack for $25000 and Jack accepts this offer. Here, the issue is to ascertain presence of consideration and legality of agreement between both parties. Rules: An agreement will be enforceable, if the offer, consideration, and free acceptance are available between two parties (Ehrlich, 2011). If the there is absence of any these aspects, than the agreement will be not enforceable according to law. Evidence: Mr. Balfour and Mrs. Balfour lived in England on a vacation. Mrs. Balfour remained in England for a medical treatment and Mr. Balfour agreed to send a specific monthly amount of money to Mrs. Balfour until she come return. But, Mrs. Balfour sued for compensation to equal amount of the income and Mr. Balfour agreed to send. After five months Mrs. Balfour granted an order for child support. The court gave judgment in favor of Mrs. Balfour because, Mr. Balfours promise to send the money was enforceable by law and the consent was sufficient consideration for the agreement (Lawnix, 2015). Conclusion: In case of Jane and Jack, Jane offers her sports car to Jack for $25000. Jack accepts this offer. In this situation, offered price of $25000 is a consideration for Jane. At the same time, car is consideration for Jack. So, it can be concluded that offer, consideration, and acceptance are clearly available in given situation. Therefore, agreement between Jane and Jack is enforceable by law. c): Issue: Here, Jane offers to sell her Lotus Super car to Jack for $2500. But, the market value of this type of car is around $25000. Jack accepts this offer. In this case, issue is that whether consideration is present and whether both parties are legally bounded by the agreement or not. Rule: If in a case, the consideration between two parties is inadequate but, the offer and acceptance are clearly defined than the agreement will be enforceable according to law (McKendrick and Liu, 2015). It is because a consideration will be valid consideration, if it has some economic value for the party. This offer is accepted by other party and communicated in proper way. So, to enforce an agreement, consideration must be sufficient and not required to be adequate. Evidence: In case of Wakeling Vs Ripley (1951), the defendant lived alone in Sydney. The plaintiffs were his sister and sisters husband, who was lecturer in Cambridge University. The defendant wrote to his sister to convince her and her husband to live with him. He also promised that he will leave all his property upon his death and he will provide a home for live. The plaintiffs become agreed on the basis of this consideration. The husband resigned his lectureship and came to live with defendant. After one year, parties quarreled and the defendants break his promise. He disinherited the plaintiffs and sold his house. The plaintiffs sued in court on defendantand awarded 12000 as compensation. In this case, the defendant become liable for consideration, because he promised to plaintiffs that showed the agreement had bound both parties to follow the consideration according to law. Consequently, the defendant was liable for the breach of the agreement and the agreement was enforceable b y law (Contract law, 2013). Conclusion: It can be concluded that consideration is present in given case. Event through, this consideration is inadequate but, it has an economic value in the eyes of law and Jack performs activity in terms of accepting the agreement, which is essential for a valid consideration. This consideration is also offered and accepted by both parties with proper communication. Therefore, this agreement is enforceable by law. 2. Issue: In this case, the shipbuilder and northern ocean tankers agree upon a contract to build a tanker. This contract was signed in US dollar but in this case there was no provision regarding the fluctuation of currency. The United State currency was devaluated after the completion of half of the work. By the devaluation of currency, the shipbuilder stands out with a loss and he was demanding for the payment of excess amount of US$3 million, otherwise he would stop the work. Northern ocean tankers reluctantly agreed to pay more, because he already booked a charter to deliver on time. Now, the northern ocean tanker company wants to recover the excess amount after the nine month of delivery. Here the problem in this case is to identify, whether the buyer can recover the excess amount or not. Analysis: In this above case, there is valid contract and consideration is also present, because of the free intention of both parties. In this case, any provision related to currency fluctuation, was not expressed in at the time of contract. In this case the shipbuilder forced to northern ocean tanker to pay excess amount so, the duress law is applicable. This contract is void contract, but at the time of currency fluctuation, shipbuilder threatens to northern ocean tanker to pay US$3 Million. Duress Law: Duress can be defined as the situation, in which one party is agreed upon a contract by force or unlawful constraint by another party (Stim, 2011). Northern ocean tankers came into contract with shipbuilders by the illegal force. In this contract, free consent was not present at the time of paying excess amount due to currency fluctuation by northern ocean tankers. So the contract is voidable. In this case, the northern ocean tanker did not entered into contract voluntarily. In duress law, illegitimate threats are involved. In a contract duress arises when one party threaten to another party to sign a contract. Duress law protects the interest of threatened party which enters into an unlawful contract. The actor of duress has no chances to escape by the order of law. According to the duress law, if a contract is signed under the duress, this contract is declared as invalid by court (Eidenmuller, 2011). Mainly duress can be of three types such as duress to person, duress to goods and economic duress, these are discussed as follows: Duress to Person: Duress to person can be explained as threat or violate to a person to enter into a contract, whether it is lawful or not in the eyes of law. In this case, a person needs to agree upon a contract by pressure of another party. This type of contract is not enforceable by law. Duress to person arises, when any person or company is forced to act according to the will of against party in the contract. Duress to Goods: Duress to goods can be defined as a situation, when any property or goods is damaged or seized by another party to come into the contract (Waddams, 2011). The defended party needs to enter into contract; otherwise his property or goods are not released. Duress of goods is an unlawful pressure by the actor party. In case of duress to goods, the defended party only needs to demonstrate that the threat was only reason to agree on that contract. The defendant party can recover the loss by filing a case on the other party. In this type of duress, there is a lack of genuine consent of the both party. Economic Duress: Economic duress is generally addressed in the commercial contracts. It can be defined as the economic pressure by one party to another to force them to form the contract (Meiners et al., 2011). This type of economic duress includes the financial pressure by a party to threaten another party. Economic duress is accepted by a party, because the party has no other alternatives. In given case, economic duress is made by shipbuilder on the northern ocean tankers to pay the excess amount of US$3 million, otherwise shipbuilder would not deliver the tanker on time. Due to economic pressure, northern ocean tankers paid the excess amount to the shipbuilder. In this case shipbuilder forced buyer to pay more money, otherwise he will breach the contract. On the basis of analysis the case, it can be said that buyer have a right to recover the excess amount from the shipbuilder, because northern ocean tanker agreed the condition of shipbuilder due to economic duress. According to the contract law, in a contract only one partys benefit is not legal, there should be mutual benefit for parties. In this situation, buyer has a right to recover the extra money that was paid by him (Butler et al., 2013). In this case the buyer has a right to recover the exceed money, but not sure because of the long time has been passed away. Related Case: North Ocean Shipping v Hyundai Construction In this case, Hyundai Construction and North Ocean Shipping Company signed a contract to build a ship and payment needs to be made in American dollar. After the paying first installment the American dollar devalued by 10 percent. At this time Hyundai threaten the North Ocean Shipping Company to pay additional money, otherwise it would not deliver the ship. Therefore North Ocean paid the extra amount to the ship builder. After 8 months of time, North Ocean claimed for the losses, but court failed the provide claim due to passage of long time from incident and claimants failure to claim on quick basis. North Ocean could not recover the extra money paid by him to Hyundai. Conclusion: On the basis of above analysis, it can be concluded that North Ocean has a right to claim for the payment, which was paid due to the currency devaluation. The company has the right to recover the excess money, because threat under economic duress was created by Hyundai. But, still the company cannot recover the extra payment paid to Hyundai construction, as it didnt sued at right time. For instance the same situation arose with North Ocean Shipping and Hyundai construction. In this case, court has dismissed the claim of party due to failure to quickly sue the default party. Reference Bailey, I. H. and Bell, M. (2011) Construction Law in Australia. Australia: Thomson Reuters Australia. Butler, D.A., Christensen, S., Dixon, B. and Willmott, L. (2013)Contract Law Case Book. Oxford University Press. Contract law (2013) Wakeling v Ripley. [Online], Available at: https://contractlaw-courtney.weebly.com/intent-to-create-legal-relations.html (Accessed: 20 August 2016). Denney, J. (2011) Respect and Consideration. USA: Lulu.com. Ehrlich, R. (2011) A Little Consideration. UK: Author House. Eidenmuller, H. (2011) Regulatory Competition in Contract Law and Dispute Resolution. UK: Bloomsbury Publishiung. Gibson Dunn (2016) California Supreme Court Decision Provides Framework for Real Property Purchase Agreements in California. [Online], Available at: https://www.gibsondunn.com/publications/pages/CaliforniaSupremeCtRealPropertyAgreements.aspx (Accessed: 20 August 2016). Janig, R. (2012) Commercial Law: Selected Essays on the Law of Obligation, insolvency and arbitration. Lawnix (2015) Balfour v. Balfour Case Brief Summary. [Online], Available at: https://www.lawnix.com/cases/balfour-balfour.html (Accessed: 20 August 2016). McKendrick, E. and Liu, Q. (2015) Contract Law: Australian Edition. UK: Palgrave Macmillan. Meiners, R. E., Ringleb, A.H. and Edwards, F. L. (2011) The Legal Environment of Business. USA: Cengage Learning. Stim, R. (2011) Contracts: The Essential Business Desk Reference. USA: Nolo. Stone, R. and Devenney, J. (2015) The Modern Law of Contract USA: Routledge. Turner, C. (2013) Contract Law. USA: Roultledge. Waddams, S. (2011) Principle and Policy in Contract Law: Competing or Complementary concepts. UK: Cambridge University Press.